Questions 3 and 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compare and contrast the philisophical positions of Thales and Essay

Look into the philisophical places of Thales and Anaximander - Essay Example He estimated a few things that gave a coherent example to the investigate of common wonder. For example, he accepted that seismic tremors are caused on the grounds that the earth coasted on something and this implied some circumstance could make the earth shake and thus cause the quakes. This was something a great many people in his age had never truly considered. Herodotus refers to that Thales utilized rationale and science to anticipate the sun powered shroud of 585 that finished the war among Lydians and Medes. Thales’ principle strategy was to clarify the rationale of things through geometry and this incorporated the long, square and solid shape of an item Anaximander was an understudy of Thales and in that capacity, he took the lessons and standards of his instructor to the following level. Anaximander was fundamentally inspired by the mechanics of the earth and how it identified with the universe(Philosophy Basics, 2008). Along these lines, he went past the essential geometry of Thales and examined the earth’s position known to man with standards in cosmology, meteorology and geology. This was a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary methodology that gave clarifications about the beginnings and position of the earth. Thales and Anaximander were spearheading researcher in Pre-Socratic Greece. Thales was the first to address things utilizing the rationale of characteristic science rather than power. He created techniques including geometry to clarify normal occasions. Anaximander, his understudy combined his fundamental thoughts and incorporated different components of logical testing and new teaches to find the situation of the earth in the

The Causes of Test Anxiety and Academic Stress

The Causes of Test Anxiety and Academic Stress Student Resources Print Causes of Test Anxiety and Academic Stress By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on February 09, 2020 Paul Bradbury / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers If you deal with test anxiety, you know how stressful it can be. You might feel alone, like youre the only one who has this issue, but test anxiety is actually quite common. Nervousness and anxiety are perfectly normal reactions to stress. However, for some people, this fear can become so intense that it actually interferes with their ability to perform well on a test. So what causes test anxiety? For many students, it can be a combination of things. Bad study habits, poor past test performance, and underlying anxiety problems can all contribute to test anxiety.?? Biological Causes In stressful situations, such as before and during an exam, the body releases a hormone called adrenaline. This helps prepare the body to deal with what is about to happen and is commonly referred to as the fight-or-flight response. Essentially, this response prepares you to either stay and deal with the stress or escape the situation entirely. In a lot of cases, this adrenaline rush is actually a good thing. It helps prepare you to deal effectively with stressful situations, ensuring that you are alert and ready. For some people, however, the symptoms of anxiety they feel can become so excessive that it makes it difficult or even impossible to focus on the test. Symptoms such as nausea, sweating, and shaking hands can actually make people feel even more nervous, especially if they become preoccupied with test anxiety symptoms. Mental Causes In addition to the underlying biological causes of anxiety, there are many mental factors that can play a role in test anxiety. Student expectations are one major mental cause. For example, if a student believes that she will perform poorly on an exam, she is far more likely to become anxious before and during a test. Test anxiety can also become a vicious cycle. After repeatedly enduring test anxiety, students may begin to feel helpless to change their situation. After experiencing anxiety during one exam, students may become so fearful about it happening again that they actually become even more anxious during the next exam. How to Minimize Test Anxiety So what exactly can you do to prevent or minimize test anxiety? Here are some strategies to help: Make sure youre prepared.  That means studying for the test until you feel comfortable with the material. Dont wait until the night before. If you arent sure how to study, ask a teacher or parent for help. Being prepared will boost your confidence, which will lessen your test anxiety.Banish the negative thoughts.  If you start to have anxious or defeated thoughts, such as Im not good enough, I didnt study hard enough, or I cant do this, push those thoughts away and replace them with positive thoughts. I can do this, I know the material, and I studied hard, can go far in helping to manage your stress level when taking a test.Get enough sleep.  A good nights sleep will help  your concentration and memory.Take deep breaths.  If you start to feel anxious while youre taking your test, breathe deeply, in through your nose and out through your mouth. Work through each question or problem one at a time, taking a deep breath in between each one as needed. Making sure you are giving your lungs plenty of oxygen can help your focus and sense of calm.Avoid the perfectionist trap.  Dont expect to be perfect. We all make mistakes and thats okay. Knowing youve done your best and worked hard is really all that matters, not perfection. How to Overcome Perfectionism

Study To Determine Impact Of Credit Risk On Bank Stability Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3624 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Abstract Credit works as blood life of any banking institute. This research is based mainly at investigating the impact of credit risk on banking stability, in banking sector lending behavior in Pakistan using data on commercial banks and macroeconomic instability from last decade. Our results under the Co-integration of variables and Correction Modeling framework show that bank lending has a long-run relationship with macroeconomic stability. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study To Determine Impact Of Credit Risk On Bank Stability Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The research therefore, recommends that while banks should pay enough attention to the results of their firm exact characteristics in their credit lending activities both in the short-run and long-run, their worries about macroeconomic stability should be limited to the long-run consequences on their credit lending behavior. It is also important that proper measures be taken to curtail inflation and infrequent money supply growth making banks become adversely disposed to lending given the negative consequences of loan restriction on economic growth in the long run. In Pakistan increased lending and intermediation is a regular complement to higher real economic expansion, banks and their supervisors need to ensure that this does not compromise credit quality and weaken banks balance sheets, especially since much of the credit growth is in areas where banks are comparatively inexperienced. The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) has made substantial strides in strengthening its supervisory capacity and is well positioned to direct the associated risks. However, the changes are comparatively recent and yet to be tested through a complete credit cycle in the new environment. The researcher in this research will be having exploratory approach as to find out the impacts of credit risk on the stability of the banking sector of Pakistan. A quantitative (based on survey) analysis will be conducted by using questionnaire method. Table of contents Chapter 1ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 4 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Background Information problem Statement 5 1.3 Research Questions Objective 7 1.4 Hypothesis 7 1.5 Scope Limitation 7 1.6 Significance of research 8 1.7 Test of Hypothesis 8 Chapter 2ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.. 9 Literature Review 9 Conceptual Framework 11 Chapter 3 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 12 3.1 Research Methodology 12 3.2 Research Sampling 12 3.3 Research tools and techniques 12 Chapter 4 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.13 Data Analysis and representation 13 Chapter 5ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.. 14 Conclusion, Finding and recommendations References 15 Annexure Questionnaire (Anex-1) CHAPTER 1 Introduction Worldwide and in particularly in Europe the market for credit risk transfer has experienced a remarkable development in current years. This refers not only to the volume of credit risk being transferred by financial institutions but also to the total number of securitization transactions. On a micro-level, the rising popularity of credit risk securitization can be put down to the reality that banks classically use the instrument of securitization to diversify concentrated credit risk exposures and to discover an alternative source of funding by realizing regulatory arbitrage and liquidity improvements when selling securitization transactions. On a macro-level, credit risk securitization is suggested since it is expected as a reduction of the overall absorption of credit risk in the whole financial system if risks are transferred to less fragile (non-financial) institutions (BIS, 2005; ECB, 2004; IMF, 2002). In reply to the U.S. sub prime mortgage disaster from mid-2007, however, a general reassessment of risks inherent in structured finance instruments is observed diagonally the whole financial community. To date, the IMF values mark to market losses on structured finance instruments at around 1,405 billion USD (IMF, 2008). Moreover, it is assumed that about half of the amount of losses and write-downs on these instruments will explicitly shape the banking industry (IMF, 2008), perhaps constituting a serious threat of general fragility. The latter is supported by failures in valuating multifaceted securitization instruments, a weak precision in structured finance markets as well as feeble forces of market discipline, which in sum have uncovered the financial system to a serious funding and confidence crisis (BIS, 2008, 2008a; IMF, 2008, 2008a, 2007). A real-time occurrence of shocks on credit quality, exchange rate, and interest rate would have a extensive impact on the capital position of banks, mainly public sector commercial banks. A synchronous depr eciation by 25 percent, a decline in the quality of 50 percent of unhedged loans in foreign currencies (100 percent provisions), and a raise in interest rates of outlying maturities (by 100, 300, and 500 basis points) would decrease the CAR of public sector commercial banks to 4.7 percent, assuming the shocks are preservative and enduring. If in addition to the above assumptions, there is a 40 percent decline of the stock market, the capital adequacy ratio of the banking sector would fall to 2.9 percent, while the capital position of public sector commercial banks would turn negative (-4.8 percent). Government injection of capital equal to 1 percent of GDP would then be required to refurbish the capital adequacy of these banks. 1.2Problem Statement Credit to the private sector in Pakistan has been increasing very speedily. While this reflects the floating economy, if continued, it may threaten future credit quality problems. In addition, the extensively expected increase in interest rates and tighter liquidity circumstances may unfavorably impact banks balance sheets and their stability 1.3Background Information The researcher is intended to do research on the impact of credit risk on the instability because in recent decade it has been observed that credit lending has caused Global Recession , specially in world wide financial market and banks leading them to solvency. The researcher wants to know to how much extent the financial institutions of Pakistan under the credit risk impact and what should be done to control this. The Groups principal activities are to provide commercial banking and other financial services. The Group offers personal banking, cash management, retail loans and other financial services. These services comprise deposits, savings/current bank account, vehicle loans, personal loans, retail trade finance, global banking, lending to priority sector and small scale sector, foreign exchange and export finance, corporate loans and equipment loans. The Group operates throughout 1078 branches within Pakistan and 17 branches outside Pakistan. Credit Rating by JCR VIS C redit Rating Company Limited June 26, 09 Long Term Rating: AA + United Bank Limited is one of the largest Commercial Bank in Pakistan. The Banks long term rating is AA +, which denotes good credit quality. Protection factors are strong. Risk is modest but may vary vaguely from time to time because of economic conditions. Short Term Rating A-1+ The short-term rating is A-1+, which denotes the highest certainty of timely payment. Short-term liquidity, including internal operating factors and / or access to alternative sources of funds, is outstanding and safety is just below risk free Government of Pakistans short-term obligations. UBL was set up in 1959 and is today one of Pakistans major banks in terms of deposits and advances with a huge domestic and international network. Its salient features are: Company Description: UBL is a Banking Company, which is engaged in Commercial Retail Banking and related services domestically and overseas. History of the Company: UBL was established in 1959 and is one of the major commercial banks of Pakistan. The Bank is making every effort to meet the up-coming challenges through strategic planning and making the best use of the resources at its command. A professional team was appointed in mid 1997 to restructure the bank and to commence rightsizing. The management is also in the process of rationalizing the branch network and identifying and recovering its doubtful and classified portfolio. It has planned to institute major improvements in customer services and internal systems to improve efficiency. It also intends to launch innovative products. The bank is increasing resource mobilization through regular deposit campaigns and accelerating the process of recovery of outstanding advances and non-performing assets. Operational Structure: UBL operates 1375 domestic and a subsidiary viz. United Executors and Trustees Company Ltd. as on 30.06.2000. It has 20 overseas branches situated in the UK, USA, UAE, Yemen, Bahrain and Qatar. It also operates one offshore branch in the Export Processing Zone, Karachi and it has representative offices in Cairo-Egypt and Tehran-Iran. It also has a joint venture Oman United Exchange Co., Oman Muscat and a subsidiary United Bank A.G. Zurich, Switzerland set up in 1968. It has 21 ATMs with 8 in the UAE, 3 in Bahrain, 1 in Doha, 7 in Islamabad and 2 in Karachi. 1.4 Research Questions Research Objective 1.4.1 Research Questions: Q1: What are different macroeconomic factors which generate credit risk Impact? Q2: How can a bank expose to the credit risk? Q3: How a banks stability is correlated with the unsecured lending risks? 1.4.2 Research Objective To find out different macro-economic factors on which the credit risk is based. To find out the relationship of credit risk factor and bank stability. 1.5 Hypothesis H0: There is no significant relationship between bank stability and credit risk factors. H1: There is significant relationship between bank stability and credit risk factors. 1.6 Scope and Limitations of Study 1.6.1 Scope of the research: The scope of the research will be limited as the base organization for the research is United Bank Limited Pakistan. , and the researcher is the employee of the bank. A total number of 400 employee as well as customers will be based as population of the research. And out of this population 120 will be taken as sample. 1.6.2 Limitations: There will be some limitation of the study which are as follows: As the credit risk impact tends to be not much applicable in Pakistan, so the scope of research will be specific. Researcher will be unable to approach all the branches of UBL due to time and gender constraint. Being a female and social constraint, it will be difficult to approach physically each and every respondent of the research. The scale of the research is limited to 400 respondents only. Insufficient time given for the research may be a constraint to complete the research within a specific time interval and researcher in this state may pass over some useful information. Data will be collected by the researcher herself by means of questionnaire. Researcher may be biased to some extent on giving the final recommendations. Due to limited access to the confidential data of banks, researcher will be restricted to the available information. 1.7 Significance of Research This research has a great importance especially with reference to the stability of the financial institutions. As in this research, the research will be explaining different factors of credit risk which create significant impact on the stability of the banking sector. The research will figure out the relationship between the macro-economic factors of lending risk identification and its impact on financial institutions. This study will also help the financial policy makers and bank supervisors to figure out the risks currently associated with the prevailing credit system of the banking sector and they will be able to control the risk factors to some extent. 1.8Test of Hypothesis: Both hypothesis will be tested after using some statistical analysis of correlation between the variables. CHAPTER 2 Literature Review Economic theory provides countervailing forecast of the relationship between credit risk securitization and banking stability (Shin, 2009; Krahnen and Wilde, 2008; Jiangli et al., 2007). This may be due to the fact that the relationship depends on both a direct and indirect impact. The straight impact of credit risk on banking stability depends on how much credit risk is in fact transferred to outside investors. This relationship however is not different. While the credit risk stability view points out that the banks overall risk experience is likely to be reduced if the tail risk of senior trenches being transferred to external investors exceeds the sum of default risks of the first-loss position which is normally retained by the bank (Jiangli et al., 2007), the credit risk weakness view replies that the major part of default risks normally remains within the banks first loss position acting as a quality signal towards external investors (DeMarzo, 2005; Instefjord, 2005; Riddiough , 1997; Greenbaum and Thakor, 1987). In this context, it is in addition emphasized that former Basel I regulations have provided an encouragement to keep the larger part of risks within the bank. Thus, as corporate and retail loans were not risk-adjusted but internationally backed up with regulatory capital under Basel I regulations, keeping the main part of default risks within the first loss piece naturally provoked profits from regulatory arbitrage (Allen and Gale, 2006). The indirect effect of credit risk securitization on financial permanence is determined by the banks strategy to use credit risk as a basis of additional funding to finance new assets with liquid capital that has become accessible from selling credit risk transactions. Thus, the indirect effect of credit risk is not clear but rather depends on a wide range of investment policies and can more probably be defined by the way the banks overall asset portfolio risk is restructured (Krahnen and Wilde, 2008). In thi s context the credit risk-stability view points out that reinvesting liquid capital into new assets may inflame a better diversification of the banks asset portfolio if remaining total assets are less correlated after credit risk (Cebenoyan and Strahan, 2004; Demsetz, 2000). In contrast, the credit risk-fragility view suggests that the real effect on a banks financial soundness may depend on the risk-level of new assets being taken in, which again is determined by the present level of contest in the respective asset market (Instefjord, 2005). Moreover, using liquid capital to expand the amount of total assets or to repurchase shares and pay high dividends to shareholders may in addition lead to an increase in the banks leverage (Shin, 2009; Leland, 2007). Empirical evidence on the relationship between credit risk and banking strength is ambiguous as well. To start with, applying event study methodology Uhde and Michalak (2009), Hà ¤nsel and Krahnen (2007), Franke and Krahnen (2006) as well as Lockwood et al. (1996) provide empirical proof that credit risk securitization has a positive impact on the increase of a banks systematic risk. This consequence holds even when controlling for the banks pre-event level of systematic risk, the type of credit risk transaction, the regulatory framework as well as the underlying reference portfolio (Uhde and Michalak, 2009). Turning to panel data analysis, using balance sheet data from commercial banks in Canada for the period from 1988 to 1998, Dionne and Harchaoui (2003) discover that credit risk transfer is inversely correlated to a banks regulatory capital supporting the capital arbitrage theory. Moreover, they offer empirical evidence that an increase in the volume of credit risk transfer has a harmful impact on the banks asset quality and hence financial soundness. Similarly, Uzun and Webb (2007) look at the impact of credit risk securitization on banking stability using data from a sample of 112 financial in stitutions in the U.S. for the period from 2001 to 2005. They find that credit risk is negatively related to a banks capital environment. Controlling for basic assets they provide further empirical evidence that the reduction in financial soundness is predominately linked with credit risks of credit card receivables whereas securitizations of mortgage loans and home equity lines of credits have a optimistic impact on banking stability. Finally, Jiangli and Pritsker (2008) examine the impact of mortgage loan securitizations on bank stability, profitability and leverage using data from U.S. bank holding companies for the period from 2001 to 2007. In line with Uzun and Webb (2007) they discover that mortgage securitizations tend to decrease a banks financial fragility. In contrast, however, they also offer empirical evidence for a positive relationship between credit risk and a banks leverage whereas profitability tends to increase due to securitization. Talavera , Tsapin and Zholud (2006) investigated the macroeconomic insecurity and bank lending in Ukraine. They found a negative association between bank loan to capital ratio and macroeconomic uncertainty and its component (demand and time deposit) with banks increasing their lending ratios when macroeconomic uncertainty decreases. The reaction of banks to changes in uncertainty is not consistent and depends on bank-specific characteristics mainly bank size and profitability. For the bank-specific factors, changes in monetary aggregates which can be related to macroeconomic policies are relatively more significant for large banks than for small banks counterparts. This shows that small banks are less able to change their behavior over time in response to changes in monetary policy and their lending depends to a much greater extent on capital. Also, monetary policy uncertainty factor is important for bank lending behavior in the case of more profitable banks but less significant for the less profitable. Conceptual Framework of Research Banks Obligator Asset Values Banks Total Assets Bank Loan to asset ratio Ratio of bank deposits to capital Economic Indices Monitory Policy Inflation Rate Exchange rate Interest Rate Bank Stability (Dependent variable) Credit Risk Driving factors (Independent Variables) Bank Credit policies Short Term loans Long Term Loans CHAPTER 3 Methods and Procedures Methodology of Study To respond to the research questions mentioned in chapter 1, researchers will explain here the different choices of methodology that have been adopted in this research. The goal of thesis is exploratory as to find out the impacts of credit risk on the stability of the banking sector of Pakistan. A quantitative (based on survey) analysis will be conducted by using questionnaire method. Survey Instrument used Questionnaire to be used in the research which contains Likert scale to collect and evaluate the data on this instrument to evaluate the relationship between the variables. Sampling Technique The sample size out of the 400 population is 120 employees taken as respondents. Convenient sampling method will be used in this regards because of limited approach and scope of the research. Data Collection As mentioned above the data will be collected by using questionnaire method and from the previous studies available on the same topic of research. Then the data will be analysed to explain the researcher point of view on the subject of the research. The data for the research are time series figures for the quoted commercial banks operating in Pakistan from 1988 to 2010 and the corresponding variables as obtained from the publications of the Central Bank of Pakistan Statistical Bulletin. The data on bank lending activities and other bank characteristics are obtained from the annual published financial statements of the banks and the Fact book published by the Karachi Stock Exchange Research Tools The tools that will be used in the research for the data analysis is SPSS software to calculate Mean, Standard deviation, correlation. CHAPTER 4 Data Analysis and Representation In his chapter information related to data analysis with proper explanation of processed data in the SPSS, containing data tables and graphical representation. CHAPTER 5 Conclusion, Findings Recommendations In this section final conclusions of the study, researchers own findings out of the research and closing recommendations will be mentioned. References Abiad, A.G., Tressel, T., Detragiache, E., (2008). A new database of financial reforms. Working Paper No. 08/266, IMF. Allen, F., Gale, D., (2006) . Systemic risk and regulations. In: Carey, M., Stulz, R.M. (Eds.), The Risks of Financial Institutions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 341-376. Altunbas, Y., Gambacorta, L., Marquà ©s, D., 2007. Securitisation and the bank lending channel. Working Paper No. 838, ECB. Baltagi, B., Chang, Y., 1994. Incomplete panels: A comparative study of alternative estimators for the unbalanced one way error component regression model. Journal of Econometrics 62, 67-89. Barth, J.R., Caprio, G., Levine, R., (2004). Banking regulation and supervision: What works best? Journal of Financial Intermediation 13, 205-248. Beck, T., (2008). Competition and stability: Friends or fo es? Working Paper No. 4656, World Bank. Beck, T., Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A., Levine R., (2000). A new database on financial development and structure. World Bank Economic Review 14, 597-605. Beck, T., Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A., Levine, R., (2006). Bank concentration, competition, and crises: First results. Journal of Banking and Finance 30, 1581-1603. Berger, A.N., Demirgà ¼Ãƒ §-Kunt, A., Levine, R., Haubrich, G.J., (2004). Bank concentration and competition: An evolution in the making. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 36, 433-450. Bikker, J. A.,(2004). Competition and Efficiency in a Unified European Banking Market. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. Boyd, J.H., Runkle, D.E., (1993). Size and performance of banking firms, Journal of Monetary Economics 31, 47-67. Cebenoyan, S., Strahan, P.E., (2004). Risk management, capital structure and lending at banks. Journal of Banking and Finance 28, 19-43. Claessens, S., Laeven, L., (2004). What drives bank competition? Some intern ational evidence. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 36, 563-583. De Nicolà ³, G., Bartholomew, P., Zaman, J., Zephirin, M., (2004). Bank consolidation, internalization, and conglomerization. Working Paper No. 03/158, IMF. DeMarzo, P.M., (2005). The pooling and trenching of securities: A model of informed intermediation. Review of Financial Studies 18, 351-61. Demsetz, R.S., (2000). Bank loan sales: A new look at the motivations for secondary market activity. Journal of Financial Research 23, 197-222. European Central Bank (ECB), (2004). Credit Risk Transfer by EU Banks: Activities, Risks, and Risk Management. Franke, G., Krahnen, J.P., (2006). Default risk sharing between banks and markets: The contribution of collateralized debt obligations. In: Carey, M., Stulz, R.M. (Eds.), The Risks of Financial Institutions. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, pp. 603-634. Goddard, J., Molyneux, P., Wilson, J.O.S., Tavakoli, M., 2007. European banking: An overview. Journ al of Banking and Finance 31, 1911-1935. Greenbaum, S.I., Thakor, A.V., (1987). Bank funding modes: Securitization versus deposits. Journal of Banking and Finance 11, 379-401. Instefjord, N., (2005). Risk and hedging: Do credit derivates increase bank risk? Journal of Banking and Finance 29, 333-45. International Monetary Fund (IMF), (2002), Global Financial Stability Report: A Quarterly Report on Market Developments and Issues. Washington DC. La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy 106, 1113-1155. Laeven, L., Majoni, G., (2003). Loan loss provisioning and economic slowdowns: Too much, too late? Journal of Financial Intermediation 12, 178-197. Leland, H.E., (2007). Financial synergies and the optimal scope of the firm: Implications for mergers, spin-offs, and structured finance. Journal of Finance 62, 765-807. Lockwood, L.J., Rutherford, R.C., Herrera, M.J., (1996). Wealth effects of asset securitiz ation. Journal of Banking and Finance 20, 151-64. Panzer, J. C., Rosse J. N., (1987). Testing for monopoly equilibrium. Journal of Industrial Economics 35, 443-456. Park, S., Peristiani, S., (2007). Are bank shareholders enemies of regulators or a potential source of market discipline? Journal of Banking and Finance 31, 2493-1515. Riddiough, T.J., (1997). Optimal design of asset backed securities. Journal of Financial Intermediation 6, 121-52. Schaeck, K., Èihà ¡k, M., Wolfe, S., (2006). Competition, concentration and bank soundness: New evidence from the micro-level. Working Paper No. 06/143, IMF. Shin, H.S., (2009). Securitisation and financial stability. The Economic Journal 119, 309-332. Stanton, S., (1998). The underinvestment problem and patterns in bank lending. Journal of Financial Intermediation 7, 466-486. .

Does Hip Hop have a Place in the Church - 696 Words

In an effort to reclaim the lives and souls of our youth the church began to embrace hip hop into the ministry. There has been great debate on whether or not hip hop has its place in our churches today. I feel that it does simply because hip hop is simply a tag or label placed on the music of African Americans and Latino that used this method of music as a forum to express how they feel. If we take away the word hip hop and the cursing while our youth express themselves in church their music would be just that. Music. When I was a kid, I was taken to church on a weekly basis. My foundation in God was learned as a child. I loved to read the bible and there was this one particular Bible story book that I had, which I read cover to cover. My favorite story to read was the book of David. I was very intrigued with him and all that he had gone through prior to becoming a king. I loved the fact that David liked to dance. Once I grew up, I continued to go to church, but it was more out of ritual. I was not learning because the pastors would talk above my understanding most of the time. The only thing that I did understand was that when it was almost time to dismiss there would began to be a lot of whooping hollering and spitting. I would be at the club getting my bounce on Saturdays and I went to church on Sundays sometimes just hours after coming home from the club. I knew that I should have been living a more Godly life than i was, but I continued to have my funShow MoreRelatedReligion in Rap Music1550 Words   |  7 PagesHip hop music, also called hip-hop,rap music or hip-hop music, is a music genre consisting of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping, a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted. It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements: MCing/rapping DJing/scratching, break dancing and graffiti writing. 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The Process When Making an Act of Parliament Free Essays

The Process When Making an Act of Parliament Making law is one of the core functions of Parliament. Laws begin as bills and must progress through a number of set stages in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Only Parliament can make new laws, or change existing ones, that affect the whole of the UK and so proposals are brought to Parliament by the Government and by individual Members of Parliament . We will write a custom essay sample on The Process When Making an Act of Parliament or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are called ‘Bills’. There are 3 different types of Bills, these are Public Members’ Bills, Private Members’ Bills and Hybrid Members’ Bills. Most Public Bills are introduced into Parliament involve public policies which will either effect the whole country or a large section of it, these Bills are known as Public Bills, for example, the Legal Services Act 2007. Public Bills change the law which applies to the population and are the most common type of Bill in Parliament Government Bills, and those put forward by MP’s or Lords, also known as Private Members’ Bills. A Private Bill is a Bill designed to pass a law which will only affect individual people. A Private Bill does not make law for the whole country. However, a Private Members Bill is a Bill which is introduced by an indivual Member of Parliament. Very little Private Member Bills become laws, but there have been some important laws passed, for example the Abortion Act 1967 and the Household Waste Recycling Act 2003. MPs and Lords can introduce as many bills as they want, but most of them will have little chance of becoming laws. A ballot is present at the start of each parliamentary session. Sometimes an MP will use the Ten Minute Rule to make a short speech on the advantages of a bill they want to introduce, which is often a way of drawing attention to an issue rather than saying the advantages of their chosen bill. Bills can be introduced to either the Commons or the Lords first, every Public Bill has to be passed through stages in both Houses until it can become a law. The first stage is the bill’s official introduction to the House. It is made up of the short title of the bill being read out by the Clerk in the chamber. Then, then bill is given a date for the second stage, which is the second reading and an order made for it to be officially printed, making it available to all Members and the public. The second reading is when the main purpose of a bill is discussed and voted on. This is the first opportunity for MPs or Lords to say their concerns on areas where they think changes are needed. If the bill passes this stage, it moves on to the committee stage. The committee stage is where a detailed examination is said. It usually starts within a couple of weeks after the bill’s second reading. A Public Bill Committee is appointed which is usually able to take evidence from experts from outside Parliament. Changes for discussion are selected by the chairman of the committee and only members of the committee can vote on the changes. This is when it is agreed on, changed or removed from the bill. A small amount of bills are dealt with by a Committee of the Whole House which takes place in the main chamber, where every MP is able to take part. The Lords Committee stage usually takes place in the main chamber and there is no time limit on discussion of amendments. The report stage is when a bill is returned to the House after the committee stage, this is where the whole House reviews the amended form of the bill. The third reading is the final opportunity for each House to debate and to vote on the bill as a whole. Debate on the bill is usually short, where changes can’t be made at the third party reading. The third party reading is the final vote on the Bill as a whole. There is a further debate on the Bill if six or more MP’s request it. If this happens, the Bill passes to another House where it will have to go through the same stages again. The power of the Supreme Court is limited. When the Supreme Court makes changes to the Bill, the changes will be considered by the House of Commons before the Bill goes to its final stage. If the Supreme Court refuses to pass a Bill, the House of Commons can introduce the same Bill in the next Parliamentary session, if it is passed by the House of Commons for a second time it can then receive the Royal Assent and become a law without the agreement of the Supreme Court. The Royal Assets is a monarch has to approve the Bill and give their agreement for it to become a law. The last time the Royal Asset was refused was in 1707 when Queen Anne refused to agree to the Scottish Militia Bill. The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty means that any statute passed by the Parliament can’t be challenge. It is associated with Dicey, who defines sovereignty as the right to make any law and the principle that there is no competing legislative body of Parliament. Parliament does not have time to debate every small detail of complex regulations. Making regulations through delegated legislation saves Parliamentary time. Society has become very technical, this makes it impossible that members of the Parliament cold have all the knowledge needed to control technology, ensuring environment safety, dealing with different industrial problems or operating complex taxation schemes. Delegated legislation allows the Government to make changes to a law without needing to push through a completely new Act of Parliament. Consultation is important for rules with technical things, where it is necessary to make sure that the regulations technically work. The process of passing an Act of Parliament can take time and in an emergency Parliament may not be able to pass law quick enough. However, Orders in Council can be made very quickly. Delegated legislation can be revoked easily when necessary so that the law can be kept up to date. This can be useful when monetary limits have to change each year, for example the minimum wage or the limits for legal aid. The main criticism is that delegated legislation takes law making away from the House of Commons and allows non-elected people to make law. This criticism can’t be made of laws made by the local authorities since there are elected bodies and accountable to the local citizens. Another problem is sub-delegation, this means that the law making authority is handed down another level. The large amount of delegated legislation is also a disadvantage as it makes it difficult to discover what the present law is. The delegated legislation shares with the Acts of Parliament the same problem that can cause difficulty in understanding the law. The UK joined the European Union on 1st January 1973. European law is mainly concerned with trade and work, but this affects areas of law, such as agriculture, company law, consumer rights, employment rights and environmental law. Since the UK joined the European Union, the highest court in our legal system is the European Court of Justice. The European Union law is made by the European Court of Justice is binding on all courts in England and Wales. The European Union doesn’t affect all area of our law, such as our criminal law, for this law the highest court is the Supreme Court. Parliament is seen as being the supreme law maker for England and Wales. The UK entering the European Union has affects Parliament’s supremacy, as the European laws take priority over any national law. This was decided even before the UK joined the European Union in the Dutvh case of Van Gend en Loos in 1963. Parliament can still be said to be supreme, since it is only through Parliament passing the European Committee’s Act 1972 that European law has effect in the UK. The Human Rights Act 1998 joined the European Convention on Human Rights in British law. This means that anyone taking a court case in the UK can rely on the rights given in the Convention as part of their case. The Act makes it impossible for a public authority to act in a way that is incompatible with a Convection right. Public authority is anyone who has some public function, this does not include Parliament. The right to life is the most fundamental of human rights. This is everyone’s right to life and is protected by the law, if this is breached then there is a breach of the Convection, this was seen in the case of McCann v United Kingdom in 1995. The aim of the Human Rights Act 1998 is to give  further effect to rights and freedoms under the European convention on human rights. How to cite The Process When Making an Act of Parliament, Essay examples

The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Essay Example

The Wiggles as a Popular Culture Paper The Wiggles are a childrens music and entertainment group consisting of four members who formed in Sydney in 1991. The original members were Anthony Field, Murray Cook, Greg Page and Jeff Fatt. Before the formation of the group, Field and Fatt were members of the Australian pop band The Cockroaches with Page being a roadie, and met Cook at Macquarie University where they were studying to become pre-school teachers. Together, they formed The Wiggles. Using connections gained from The Cockroaches, The Wiggles first manager Jeremy Fabinyi negotiated with the ABC to air The Wiggles TV show. This program essentially promoted their first album and tour, launching The Wiggles careers. The Wiggles, due to the development of technology such as television and the internet, have globalised into an internationally recognised franchise. By definition, a popular culture has four characteristics; they are associated with commercial products, develop from a local to international scale, allow consumers to have widespread access to it, and are constantly changing and evolving. The Wiggles can be classified as a popular culture due to its conforming to these characteristics. The group conforms to these characteristics by having much ssociated paraphernalia, such as albums and posters, has developed into an international franchise which tours the world, allows consumers widespread access to The Wiggles products, and is changing and evolving in order to benefit the children of the present day society. Advances In technology have allowed social and cultural studies to become more In-depth. We will write a custom essay sample on The Wiggles as a Popular Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Wiggles as a Popular Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Wiggles as a Popular Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Such studies have highlighted the importance of childrens social and cultural experiences linked with their literacy development. Children who participated In the watching of programs such as The Wiggles were noted within these studies to have higher literacy rates at the start of heir primary schooling than children who didnt. This has enabled The Wiggles to have status In the early childhood education Industry due to the childrens stimulation of their creative senses, while also making the learning process enjoyable for the child. This therefore has a positive effect on the young Individual In the present as well as the future, as well as The Wiggles being viewed In a positive manner by consumers and members of society because of this Influence on children. The Wiggles are so successful because of their positive Influence on childrens lives nd the satisfaction that adults receive from being aware of the educational value behind the program. This can be obviously demonstrated through the long-running creative programs aired on televlslon with such popularity that The Wiggles have become known around the world. This has made them an International franchise and allowed the company to expand Into other associated products and programs such as live performance shows and recorded albums. The products of this popular culture are aimed at a specific target market. Primary consumers of The Wiggles are young children but the major purchasers of associated products and paraphernalia re the childrens parents and adults. There Is no dlvlde In the consumption of this popular cultures associated products In relation to gender, although the group previously consisted of four males, as well as many of the associated characters being male. This recently changed In 2012 when a female Wiggle was Introduced, before, therefore giving The Wiggles the opportunity to expand their market even more. Despite the positive change of introducing a female Wiggle in order to make the childrens program more appealing to both genders, uproar has occurred resulting in a backlash over the internet. Social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter have seen The Wiggles pages slandered by the secondary consumers of this popular culture, being parents, due to the introduction of this new yellow Wiggle. This has created a now somewhat negative attitude towards The Wiggles due to the rejection of this change. Due to the growing online shopping market, the purchasing of The Wiggles paraphernalia has become simpler due to the ease of access for consumers to these products. Such paraphernalia includes costumes, albums and television series, computer games, toys, books, bags and stationery. This market has allowed the expansion of The Wiggles market due to the vast number of people who have access to such technology as the internet. Over the 22 years of which The Wiggles have been an entertainment source on the television for young children, the philosophy of the group, being that of healthy eating, dancing and singing, has not changed. A reason why The Wiggles are so well-known within the present society is due to this trusted source of creative early childhood education being conveyed to the audience through different media outlets. This creates a positive perception of this popular culture within many consumers eyes.